1. The Brain Processing A Baseball Pitch
2. The Brain Project Management

Screenshots

Join us for this episode of Larry Goins Brain-Pick-A-Pro. Learn from leading experts in real estate investing and business. Get the latest information of what.

Description

OVERVIEW:
The Brain Pro - Mac edition (Nova Series) has been designed specifically for the Mac. It is a must have app for anyone studying anatomy and is aimed at students with a basic to advanced level of anatomical medical knowledge as well as medical professionals. In this Nova Series the user can manipulate the Brain on screen by rotating it laterally or vertically. The app also allows sectioned views which can be accessed by cutting the brain open with a swipe and the ability to add custom labels. The user can also change the transparency of various elements of the Brain to give phantom views which aid in identifying exact positioning. Colored schematics and an interactive quiz to test your knowledge of the Brain are also available.
3-DIMENSIONAL:
The Brain can be rotated by dragging the cursor across the screen or spun with a swipe. The user can also zoom in or out by 'double clicking' on the mouse. Rather than just the standard anatomical views, you can now observe the location of a Brain component from different angles.
PINS:
The standard anatomical views are also offered as reference points. Each view can be labelled and each label has a description.
INDEX:
By pressing the index button the user is offered an index of the pins available. If a pin name is selected the app will take the user to that pin and label it.
SECTIONED VIEWS:
Transverse, Coronal and Sagittal cross sections are also available again with full labeling.
INTEGRATED LAYERS:
The Brain model is comprised of eight different layers, from the Dura Mater down to the Thalamus. By pressing and holding on the Systems icon the user is offered an options window where the opacity of each layer can be controlled. This can offer the user different comparative or phantom views, for example - the position of the Ventricles within the Cerebrum.
SETTINGS:
The reference app can be further customized by using the settings button to turn on and off individual pins. This feature is as a direct result of user feedback.
QUIZ:
The user can test their knowledge against this interactive quiz. This is a dynamic quiz in that there are not a set list of questions but rather the app randomly selects labelled areas within the app and automatically produces a multi-choice question based around that label.

The opposite of what I wanted

I’m a med student who was looking for a good 3D resource for our neuroscience course. Essential Anatomy doesn’t give you much more than the basics for the brain, so I was hoping BrainPro would be good. Big mistake. It’s horribly difficult to navigate, doesn’t have a moving cross-section feature (that I can find, at least), and it’s all in a window that’s the size of an iphone. Essential Anatomy is fantastic, and I was hoping that this would be EA for the brain, but I’d be better off Google Imaging “Brain”
EDIT: About a month after I wrote my first review, I tried the app again. Maybe it would be more helpful this time? Absolutely not. I can’t emphasize enough how user unfriendly it is. You can’t see any views except the standard ones (superior, inferior, and the side views), and THEY DON’T HAVE ANY ADVANCED STRUCTURES. Want to see the parietal lobe? Great. Want to see where the globose nucleus is? Too bad.

Could be better

Limited functionality and interactivity cripple this app. They've managed to cram a wealth of facts and structures into it, but the controls are limited and really makes it a really pretty piece of crap. Any amateur neuroanatomist knows that it's essential to be able to recognize structures from all directions, but Brain Pro fails to deliver. For example, when you click on a pinned structure, you are granted only one view. I clicked on the head of the caudate which gave me a anterior view of a coronal section (fair) but when I attempted to navigate and view the structure from the superior end the pin disappeared. Seems like a fairly easy fix.
The pin mode should also update in real time; when I am rotating the brain it's somewhat irritating to have to toggle pin mode on again after rotating a few degrees.
Quiz mode is pretty good, but it would be nice if you didn't have to turn off all the pins you didn't want to get quizzed on.
Also, it would help to distinguish areas by color, as a pin pointing to a structure that could be as large as a gyrus or as small as a nucleus is hardly a definitive way of recognizing something in its entirety.

Good data, navigation could be greatly improved

The data and the accuracy, resolution and rendering of the layers are great. One of the best I could find.
It could be nice if i could really navigate inside the 3D model at any angle, instead of jumping between fixed views.
Also, I would like to see the pins anchored to the anatomy as I rotate the image, instead of disappearing.
It would be great to see the necessary improvements (right now seems just a basic porting from the iPad to the Mac).
Keep up with the good work.

Information

OS X 10.6 or later

Supports

• Family Sharing

  With Family Sharing set up, up to six family members can use this app.

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), also known as B-type natriuretic peptide, is a hormone secreted by cardiomyocytes in the heart ventricles in response to stretching caused by increased ventricular blood volume.

The 32-amino acid polypeptide BNP is secreted attached to a 76–amino acid N-terminal fragment in the prohormone called NT-proBNP (BNPT), which is biologically inactive. Once released, BNP binds to and activates the atrial natriuretic factor receptorNPRA, and to a lesser extent NPRB, in a fashion similar to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) but with 10-fold lower affinity. The biological half-life of BNP, however, is twice as long as that of ANP, and that of NT-proBNP is even longer, making these peptides better targets than ANP for diagnostic blood testing.

The physiologic actions of BNP are similar to those of ANP and include decrease in systemicvascular resistance and central venous pressure as well as an increase in natriuresis. The net effect of these peptides is a decrease in blood pressure due to the decrease in systemic vascular resistance and, thus, afterload. Additionally, the actions of both BNP and ANP result in a decrease in cardiac output due to an overall decrease in central venous pressure and preload as a result of the reduction in blood volume that follows natriuresis and diuresis.^[3]

• 2Physiologic effects
• 3Measurement

Biosynthesis[edit]

BNP is synthesized as a 134-amino acid preprohormone (preproBNP), encoded by the human gene NPPB. Removal of the 25-residue N-terminal signal peptide generates the prohormone, proBNP, which is stored intracellularly as an O-linked glycoprotein; proBNP is subsequently cleaved between arginine-102 and serine-103 by a specific convertase (probably furin or corin) into NT-proBNP and the biologically active 32-amino acid polypeptide BNP-32, which are secreted into the blood in equimolar amounts.^[4] Cleavage at other sites produces shorter BNP peptides with unknown biological activity.^[5] Processing of proBNP may be regulated by O-glycosylation of residues near the cleavage sites.^[6]

The Brain Processing A Baseball Pitch

Physiologic effects[edit]

Since the actions of BNP are mediated via the ANP receptors, the physiologic effects of BNP are identical to those of ANP. Those will be reviewed here.

Receptor-agonist binding causes a reduction in renal sodium reabsorption, which results in a decreased blood volume. Secondary effects may be an improvement in cardiac ejection fraction and reduction of systemic blood pressure. Lipolysis is also increased.

Renal[edit]

• Dilates the afferent glomerular arteriole, constricts the efferent glomerular arteriole, and relaxes the mesangial cells. This increases pressure in the glomerular capillaries, thus increasing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), resulting in greater filter load of sodium and water.
• Increases blood flow through the vasa recta, which will wash the solutes (NaCl and urea) out of the medullary interstitium.^[7] The lower osmolarity of the medullary interstitium leads to less reabsorption of tubular fluid and increased excretion.
• Decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (interaction with NCC)^[8] and cortical collecting duct of the nephron via guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) dependent phosphorylation of ENaC.
• Inhibits renin secretion, thereby inhibiting the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.

Adrenal[edit]

• Reduces aldosterone secretion by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.

Vascular[edit]

Relaxes vascular smooth muscle in arterioles and venules by:

The Brain Project Management

• Membrane Receptor-mediated elevation of vascular smooth muscle cGMP
• Inhibition of the effects of catecholamines

Promotes uterine spiral artery remodeling, which is important for preventing pregnancy-induced hypertension.^[9]

Cardiac[edit]

• Inhibits maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy
• Mice lacking cardiac NPRA develop increased cardiac mass and severe fibrosis and die suddenly^[10]
• Re-expression of NPRA rescues the phenotype.

Adipose tissue[edit]

• Increases the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue. Plasma concentrations of glycerol and nonesterified fatty acids are increased by i.v. infusion of ANP in humans.
• Activates adipocyte plasma membrane type A guanylyl cyclase receptors NPR-A
• Increases intracellular cGMP levels that induce the phosphorylation of a hormone-sensitive lipase and perilipin A via the activation of a cGMP-dependent protein kinase-I (cGK-I)
• Does not modulate cAMP production or PKA activity

Measurement[edit]

BNP and NT-proBNP are measured by immunoassay.^[11]

Interpretation of BNP[edit]

• The main clinical utility of either BNP or NT-proBNP is that a normal level helps to rule out chronic heart failure in the emergency setting. An elevated BNP or NT-proBNP should never be used exclusively to 'rule in' acute or chronic heart failure in the emergency setting due to lack of specificity^[dubious].^[12]
• Either BNP or NT-proBNP can also be used for screening and prognosis of heart failure.^[13]
• BNP and NT-proBNP are also typically increased in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, with or without symptoms (BNP accurately reflects current ventricular status, as its half-life is 20 minutes, as opposed to 1–2 hours for NT-proBNP).^[14]

A preoperative BNP can be predictive of a risk of an acute cardiac events during cardiac surgeries. A cutoff of 100 pg/ml has a sensitivity of approximately 100%, a negative predictive value of approximately 100%, a specificity of 90%, and a positive predictive value of 78% according to data from the United Kingdom.^[15]

BNP is cleared by binding to natriuretic peptide receptors (NPRs) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP). Less than 5% of BNP is cleared renally. NT-proBNP is the inactive molecule resulting from cleavage of the prohormone Pro-BNP and is reliant solely on the kidney for excretion. The achilles heel of the NT-proBNP molecule is the overlap in kidney disease in the heart failure patient population.^[16][17]

Low BNP was found to be a predictor of survival to age 90 in men.^[18]

Some laboratories report in units ng per Litre (ng/L), which is equivalent to pg/mL

There is a diagnostic 'gray area', often defined as between 100 and 500 pg/mL, for which the test is considered inconclusive, but, in general, levels above 500 pg/ml are considered to be an indicator of heart failure. This so-called gray zone has been addressed in several studies, and using clinical history or other available simple tools can help make the diagnosis.^[19][20]

BNP may be a reliable predictor of cardiovascular mortality in diabetics.^[21]

BNP was found to have an important role in prognostication of heart surgery patients^[22] and in the emergency department.^[23] Bhalla et al. showed that combining BNP with other tools like ICG can improve early diagnosis of heart failure and advance prevention strategies.^[24][25] Utility of BNP has also been explored in various settings like preeclampsia, ICU and shock and ESRD.^[26][27][28]

The effect or race and gender on value of BNP and its utility in that context has been studied extensively.^[29][30]

The BNP test is used as an aid in the diagnosis and assessment of severity of heart failure. A recent meta-analysis concerning effects of BNP testing on clinical outcomes of patients presenting to the emergency department with acute dyspnea revealed that BNP testing led to a decrease in admission rates and decrease in mean length of stay, although neither was statistically significant. Effects on all cause hospital mortality was inconclusive.^[32] The BNP test is also used for the risk stratification of patients with acute coronary syndromes.^[33][34]

When interpreting an elevated BNP level, it is useful to remember that values may be elevated due to factors other than heart failure. Lower levels are often seen in obese patients.^[35] Higher levels are seen in those with renal disease, in the absence of heart failure.

Therapeutic application[edit]

Recombinant BNP, nesiritide, has been suggested as a treatment for decompensated heart failure. However, a clinical trial^[36] failed to show a benefit of nesiritide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Blockade of neprilysin, a protease known to degrade members of the natriuretic peptide family, has also been suggested as a possible treatment for heart failure. Dual administration of neprilysin inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers has been shown to be advantageous to ACE inhibitors, the current first-line therapy, in multiple settings.^[37][38]

Synonyms[edit]

Other terms for BNP include B-type natriuretic peptide, ventricular natriuretic peptide and natriuretic peptide B')

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000120937 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. ^'Human PubMed Reference:'.
3. ^'CV Pharmacology - Natriuretic Peptides'. cvpharmacology.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
4. ^Schellenberger U, O'Rear J, Guzzetta A, Jue RA, Protter AA, Pollitt NS (July 2006). 'The precursor to B-type natriuretic peptide is an O-linked glycoprotein'. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 451 (2): 160–6. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2006.03.028. PMID16750161.
5. ^Niederkofler EE, Kiernan UA, O'Rear J, Menon S, Saghir S, Protter AA, Nelson RW, Schellenberger U (November 2008). 'Detection of endogenous B-type natriuretic peptide at very low concentrations in patients with heart failure'. Circ Heart Fail. 1 (4): 258–64. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.790774. PMID19808300.
6. ^Semenov AG, Postnikov AB, Tamm NN, Seferian KR, Karpova NS, Bloshchitsyna MN, Koshkina EV, Krasnoselsky MI, Serebryanaya DV, Katrukha AG (March 2009). 'Processing of pro-brain natriuretic peptide is suppressed by O-glycosylation in the region close to the cleavage site'. Clin. Chem. 55 (3): 489–98. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.113373. PMID19168558.
7. ^Kiberd BA, Larson TS, Robertson CR, Jamison RL (Jun 1987). 'Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on vasa recta blood flow in the rat'. The American Journal of Physiology. 252 (6 Pt 2): F1112–7. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1987.252.6.F1112. PMID2954471.
8. ^Reeves WB, Andreoli TE (2008). 'Chapter 31 – Sodium Chloride Transport in the Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule, and Collecting Duct'. In Giebisch GH, Alpern RA, Herbert SC, Seldin DW (eds.). Seldin and Giebisch's the kidney: physiology and pathophysiology. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 849–887. doi:10.1016/B978-012088488-9.50034-6. ISBN978-0-12-088488-9.
9. ^Cui Y, Wang W, Dong N, Lou J, Srinivasan DK, Cheng W, Huang X, Liu M, Fang C, Peng J, Chen S, Wu S, Liu Z, Dong L, Zhou Y, Wu Q (Apr 2012). 'Role of corin in trophoblast invasion and uterine spiral artery remodelling in pregnancy'. Nature. 484 (7393): 246–50. Bibcode:2012Natur.484..246C. doi:10.1038/nature10897. PMC3578422. PMID22437503.
10. ^Nakao, Kazuwa; Katsuki, Motoya; Otani, Hiroki; Tanaka, Issei; Saito, Yoshihiko; Itoh, Hiroshi; Mukoyama, Masashi; Katsuura, Goro; Hashimoto, Ryuju (2000-04-11). 'Cardiac fibrosis in mice lacking brain natriuretic peptide'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (8): 4239–4244. doi:10.1073/pnas.070371497. ISSN0027-8424. PMC18212. PMID10737768.
11. ^Clerico A, Zaninotto M, Prontera C, Giovannini S, Ndreu R, Franzini M, Zucchelli GC, Plebani M (December 2012). 'State of the art of BNP and NT-proBNP immunoassays: the CardioOrmoCheck study'. Clin. Chim. Acta. 414: 112–9. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2012.07.017. PMID22910582.
12. ^Maisel A, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak R, McCord J, Hollander J, Duc P, Omland T, Storrow A, Abraham W, Wu A, Clopton P, Steg P, Westheim A, Knudsen C, Perez A, Kazanegra R, Herrmann H, McCullough P (2002). 'Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure'. N Engl J Med. 347 (3): 161–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020233. PMID12124404.
13. ^Bhalla V, Willis S, Maisel AS (2004). 'B-type natriuretic peptide: the level and the drug--partners in the diagnosis of heart failure'. Congest Heart Fail. 10 (1 Suppl 1): 3–27. doi:10.1111/j.1527-5299.2004.03310.x. PMID14872150.
14. ^Atisha D, Bhalla MA, Morrison LK, Felicio L, Clopton P, Gardetto N, Kazanegra R, Chiu A, Maisel AS (September 2004). 'A prospective study in search of an optimal B-natriuretic peptide level to screen patients for cardiac dysfunction'. Am. Heart J. 148 (3): 518–23. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2004.03.014. PMID15389242.
15. ^Berry, C (2005). 'Predictive value of plasma brain natriuretic peptide for cardiac outcome after vascular surgery'. Heart. 92 (3): 401–402. doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.060988. ISSN1355-6037. PMC1860808. PMID16501204.
16. ^Austin WJ, Bhalla V, Hernandez-Arce I, Isakson SR, Beede J, Clopton P, Maisel AS, Fitzgerald RL (October 2006). 'Correlation and prognostic utility of B-type natriuretic peptide and its amino-terminal fragment in patients with chronic kidney disease'. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 126 (4): 506–12. doi:10.1309/M7AAXA0J1THMNCDF. PMID16938661.
17. ^Daniels LB, Clopton P, Bhalla V, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, McCord J, Hollander JE, Duc P, Omland T, Storrow AB, Abraham WT, Wu AH, Steg PG, Westheim A, Knudsen CW, Perez A, Kazanegra R, Herrmann HC, McCullough PA, Maisel AS (May 2006). 'How obesity affects the cut-points for B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of acute heart failure. Results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study'. Am. Heart J. 151 (5): 999–1005. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.011. PMID16644321.
18. ^Nilsson, G; Hedberg P; Ohrvik J (2014). 'How to live until 90 – Factors predicting survival in 75-year-olds from the general population'. Healthy Aging Research. 3 (5): 1–10. doi:10.12715/har.2014.3.5.
19. ^Strunk A, Bhalla V, Clopton P, Nowak RM, McCord J, Hollander JE, Duc P, Storrow AB, Abraham WT, Wu AH, Steg G, Perez A, Kazanegra R, Herrmann HC, Aumont MC, McCullough PA, Maisel A (January 2006). 'Impact of the history of congestive heart failure on the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure: results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study'. Am. J. Med. 119 (1): 69.e1–11. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.04.029. PMID16431187.
20. ^Brenden CK, Hollander JE, Guss D, McCullough PA, Nowak R, Green G, Saltzberg M, Ellison SR, Bhalla MA, Bhalla V, Clopton P, Jesse R, Maisel AS (May 2006). 'Gray zone BNP levels in heart failure patients in the emergency department: results from the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT) multicenter study'. Am. Heart J. 151 (5): 1006–11. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.017. PMID16644322.
21. ^Bhalla MA, Chiang A, Epshteyn VA, Kazanegra R, Bhalla V, Clopton P, Krishnaswamy P, Morrison LK, Chiu A, Gardetto N, Mudaliar S, Edelman SV, Henry RR, Maisel AS (September 2004). 'Prognostic role of B-type natriuretic peptide levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus'. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44 (5): 1047–52. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.05.071. PMID15337217.
22. ^Hutfless R, Kazanegra R, Madani M, Bhalla MA, Tulua-Tata A, Chen A, Clopton P, James C, Chiu A, Maisel AS (May 2004). 'Utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in predicting postoperative complications and outcomes in patients undergoing heart surgery'. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43 (10): 1873–9. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.048. PMID15145114.
23. ^Maisel A, Hollander JE, Guss D, McCullough P, Nowak R, Green G, Saltzberg M, Ellison SR, Bhalla MA, Bhalla V, Clopton P, Jesse R (September 2004). 'Primary results of the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT). A multicenter study of B-type natriuretic peptide levels, emergency department decision making, and outcomes in patients presenting with shortness of breath'. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44 (6): 1328–33. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.015. PMID15364340.
24. ^Bhalla V, Isakson S, Bhalla MA, Lin JP, Clopton P, Gardetto N, Maisel AS (February 2005). 'Diagnostic ability of B-type natriuretic peptide and impedance cardiography: testing to identify left ventricular dysfunction in hypertensive patients'. Am. J. Hypertens. 18 (2 Pt 2): 73S–81S. doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.11.044. PMID15752936.
25. ^Castellanos LR, Bhalla V, Isakson S, Daniels LB, Bhalla MA, Lin JP, Clopton P, Gardetto N, Hoshino M, Chiu A, Fitzgerald R, Maisel AS (February 2009). 'B-type natriuretic peptide and impedance cardiography at the time of routine echocardiography predict subsequent heart failure events'. J. Card. Fail. 15 (1): 41–7. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.09.003. PMID19181293.
26. ^Resnik JL, Hong C, Resnik R, Kazanegra R, Beede J, Bhalla V, Maisel A (August 2005). 'Evaluation of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in normal and preeclamptic women'. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 193 (2): 450–4. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.12.006. PMID16098869.
27. ^Bhalla V, Bhalla MA, Maisel AS (August 2004). 'Evolution of B-type natriuretic peptide in evaluation of intensive care unit shock'. Crit. Care Med. 32 (8): 1787–9. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000135748.75590.54. PMID15286561.
28. ^Sheen V, Bhalla V, Tulua-Tata A, Bhalla MA, Weiss D, Chiu A, Abdeen O, Mullaney S, Maisel A (February 2007). 'The use of B-type natriuretic peptide to assess volume status in patients with end-stage renal disease'. Am. Heart J. 153 (2): 244.e1–5. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2006.10.041. PMID17239684.
29. ^Maisel AS, Clopton P, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, McCord J, Hollander JE, Duc P, Omland T, Storrow AB, Abraham WT, Wu AH, Steg G, Westheim A, Knudsen CW, Perez A, Kazanegra R, Bhalla V, Herrmann HC, Aumont MC, McCullough PA (June 2004). 'Impact of age, race, and sex on the ability of B-type natriuretic peptide to aid in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure: results from the Breathing Not Properly (BNP) multinational study'. Am. Heart J. 147 (6): 1078–84. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2004.01.013. PMID15199359.
30. ^Daniels LB, Bhalla V, Clopton P, Hollander JE, Guss D, McCullough PA, Nowak R, Green G, Saltzberg M, Ellison SR, Bhalla MA, Jesse R, Maisel A (May 2006). 'B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and ethnic disparities in perceived severity of heart failure: results from the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT) multicenter study of BNP levels and emergency department decision making in patients presenting with shortness of breath'. J. Card. Fail. 12 (4): 281–5. doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2006.01.008. PMID16679261.
31. ^'N-terminal pro-BNP'. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11.
32. ^Lam LL, Cameron PA, Schneider HG, Abramson MJ, Müller C, Krum H (December 2010). 'Meta-analysis: effect of B-type natriuretic peptide testing on clinical outcomes in patients with acute dyspnea in the emergency setting'. Ann. Intern. Med. 153 (11): 728–35. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-11-201012070-00006. PMID21135296.
33. ^Bibbins-Domingo K, Gupta R, Na B, Wu AH, Schiller NB, Whooley MA (January 2007). 'N-terminal fragment of the prohormone brain-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cardiovascular events, and mortality in patients with stable coronary heart disease'. JAMA. 297 (2): 169–76. doi:10.1001/jama.297.2.169. PMC2848442. PMID17213400.
34. ^Fitzgerald RL, Cremo R, Gardetto N, Chiu A, Clopton P, Bhalla V, Maisel AS (September 2005). 'Effect of nesiritide in combination with standard therapy on serum concentrations of natriuretic peptides in patients admitted for decompensated congestive heart failure'. Am. Heart J. 150 (3): 471–7. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2004.11.021. PMID16169326.
35. ^Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, et al. (2004). 'Impact of obesity on plasma natriuretic peptide levels'. Circulation. 109 (5): 594–600. CiteSeerX10.1.1.541.9955. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000112582.16683.EA. PMID14769680.
36. ^O'Connor CM, Starling RC, Hernandez AF, Armstrong PW, Dickstein K, Hasselblad V, Heizer GM, Komajda M, Massie BM, McMurray JJ, et al. (July 2011). 'Effect of nesiritide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure'. N. Engl. J. Med. 365 (1): 32–43. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1100171. PMID21732835.
37. ^McMurray, John J.V.; Packer, Milton; Desai, Akshay S.; Gong, Jianjian; Lefkowitz, Martin P.; Rizkala, Adel R.; Rouleau, Jean L.; Shi, Victor C.; Solomon, Scott D. (2014-09-11). 'Angiotensin–Neprilysin Inhibition versus Enalapril in Heart Failure'. New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (11): 993–1004. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1409077. ISSN0028-4793. PMID25176015.
38. ^Velazquez, Eric J.; Morrow, David A.; DeVore, Adam D.; Duffy, Carol I.; Ambrosy, Andrew P.; McCague, Kevin; Rocha, Ricardo; Braunwald, Eugene (2018-11-11). 'Angiotensin–Neprilysin Inhibition in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure'. New England Journal of Medicine. 0 (6): 539–548. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1812851. ISSN0028-4793. PMID30415601.

Further reading[edit]

• Cosson S (2004). 'Usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) as a screen for left ventricular abnormalities in diabetes mellitus'. Diabetes Metab. 30 (4): 381–6. doi:10.1016/S1262-3636(07)70132-5. PMID15525883.
• Cauliez B, Berthe MC, Lavoinne A (2005). '[Brain natriuretic peptide: physiological, biological and clinical aspects]'. Ann. Biol. Clin. 63 (1): 15–25. PMID15689309.
• Buchner S, Riegger G, Luchner A (2005). '[Clinical utility of the cardiac markers BNP and NT-proBNP]'. Acta Med. Austriaca. 31 (4): 144–51. PMID15732251.
• LaPointe MC (2005). 'Molecular regulation of the brain natriuretic peptide gene'. Peptides. 26 (6): 944–56. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.08.028. PMID15911064.
• Hoffmann U, Borggrefe M, Brueckmann M (2006). 'New horizons: NT-proBNP for risk stratification of patients with shock in the intensive care unit'. Critical Care (London, England). 10 (2): 134. doi:10.1186/cc4883. PMC1550883. PMID16594987.
• Suga S, Nakao K, Hosoda K, et al. (1992). 'Receptor selectivity of natriuretic peptide family, atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and C-type natriuretic peptide'. Endocrinology. 130 (1): 229–39. doi:10.1210/en.130.1.229. PMID1309330.
• Kambayashi Y, Nakao K, Mukoyama M, et al. (1990). 'Isolation and sequence determination of human brain natriuretic peptide in human atrium'. FEBS Lett. 259 (2): 341–5. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(90)80043-I. PMID2136732.
• Hino J, Tateyama H, Minamino N, et al. (1990). 'Isolation and identification of human brain natriuretic peptides in cardiac atrium'. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 167 (2): 693–700. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(90)92081-A. PMID2138890.
• Sudoh T, Maekawa K, Kojima M, et al. (1989). 'Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding a precursor for human brain natriuretic peptide'. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 159 (3): 1427–34. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(89)92269-9. PMID2522777.
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External links[edit]

• Brain+Natriuretic+Peptide at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• BNP and NT-proBNP at Lab Tests Online
• Human NPPB genome location and NPPB gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.